MPOX, o que sabemos sobre propagação e controle: uma revisão integrativa / MPOX, what we know about propagation and control: an integrative review / Viruela del mono, qué sabemos sobre la propagación y el control: una revisión integradora

Esta é uma revisão integrativa que busca compreender os fatores associados à propagação e controle de mpox, seguindo as recomendações estabelecidas pela declaração Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. A consulta foi feita nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e Cochrane Library. Foram selecionados quinze artigos, com amostra majoritária de homens que fazem sexo sem proteção com homens e homens que viajaram para locais com surto da doença ou tiveram contato com pessoas infectadas. Os principais fatores associados à infecção e à propagação da doença foram históricos de viagem, sexo desprotegido, ingestão de carne possivelmente contaminada, aglomerados e contato próximo com pessoa sintomática. Quanto aos fatores relacionados à prevenção, estão principalmente associados à triagem de casos suspeitos, hábitos de higiene pessoal, uso de equipamentos de proteção individual e isolamento do doente.

This integrative review examines the factors associated with mpox spread and control, following the recommendations established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Bibliographic search was conducted on the PubMed, Lilacs and Cochrane Library databases. The final sample included 15 articles, mostly composed of men who have unprotected sex with men and men who traveled to places with a mpox outbreak or had contact with infected people. Travel history, unprotected sex, eating potentially contaminated meat, crowding and close contact with a symptomatic person were the main factors associated with mpox infection and spread. Prevention is mainly associated with the screening of suspected cases, personal hygiene habits, use of personal protective equipment and patient isolation.

Este estudio realiza una revisión integradora para comprender los factores asociados con la propagación y el control de la viruela del mono, siguiendo las recomendaciones establecidas por Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, Lilacs y Cochrane Library. Se seleccionaron quince artículos, con una muestra mayoritaria de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres sin protección y hombres que viajaron a lugares con brote de la enfermedad o que tuvieron contacto con personas infectadas. Los principales factores asociados con la infección y la propagación de la enfermedad fueron el historial de viajes, las relaciones sexuales sin protección, el consumo de carne potencialmente contaminada, el hacinamiento y el contacto cercano con una persona sintomática. Los factores relacionados con la prevención están asociados principalmente con el tamizaje de casos sospechosos, los hábitos de higiene personal, el uso de equipos de protección personal y el aislamiento del paciente.

Atypical perianal and buttocks epidermal-dermal necrosis in Human Monkeypox. Histopathological study of the lesion in Peru

We report the histopathological study of a large, black, crusted lesion with symmetrical distribution in both buttocks and perineum, never described, in a man who has sex with men (MSM) and proctitis associated with Human Monkey Pox Virus (hMPXV) and HIV-AIDS infection never treated. A 39-year-old male, homosexual, HIV-AIDS without Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), was admitted to a hospital in Lima, Peru, with papulopustular lesions on the body and perianal area. Days later, a large, crusty, black lesion with a symmetrical distribution appeared on the buttocks and perineum. The tissue culture was negative. Wedge biopsy of the lesion showed typical MPXV cytopathogenics lesions in addition to fibrin micro thrombosis in the underlying papillary dermis. The histopathological findings of the scabby and black lesion are the classic ones described by Stagles, except for the phenomenon of fibrin micro thrombosis in the papillary dermis, a novel cytopathogenic effect of MPXV with clinical relevance (epidermal-dermal necrosis).

Reportamos el estudio histopatológico de una gran lesión costrosa, negra, de distribución simétrica en ambas nalgas y periné, nunca descrito, en un hombre que tiene sexo con hombres (HSH) y proctitis asociado a Viruela del Mono Humana (hMPXV) e infección por VIH-SIDA nunca tratado. Un varón de 39 años, homosexual, VIH-SIDA sin Terapia Antirretroviral de Gran Actividad (TARGA), ingresó en un hospital de Lima, Perú, con lesiones papulopustulosas en el cuerpo y el area perianal. Días después apareció una gran lesión negra, costrosa de distribución simétrica en las nalgas y periné. El cultivo de tejidos fue negativo. La biopsia en cuña de la lesión mostró lesiones citopatogénicas típicas de MPXV, además de microtrombosis de fibrina en la dermis papilar subyacente. Los hallazgos histopatológicos de la lesión costrosa y negra que reportamos son los clásicos descritos por Stagles, a excepción del fenómeno de microtrombosis de fibrina en la dermis papilar, un efecto citopatogénico novedoso de MPXV con relevancia clínica (necrosis epidermo-dérmico).

Mpox: Aspectos epidemiológicos, imunopatogênicos e manejo pré e pós-infecção / Mpox: Epidemiological, immunopathogenic aspects and pre- and post-infection management

Mpoxou Varíola M é uma zoonose causada por vírus do gênero Orthopoxvirus, causadores também da varíola comum. É uma doença considerada rara e autolimitada, sendo endêmica em países africanos. Entretanto, no ano de 2022 ganhou destaque devido ao surto global que se iniciou, quando o mundo ainda se recuperava da pandemia da COVID-19. Dessa forma, por se tratar de uma doença emergente, a presente revisão visa pontuar aspectos gerais do que se sabe até o momento sobre a Mpox, desde sua imunopatogenia até as formas atuais de prevenção e cuidados pós-infecção

Mpox or Variola M is a zoonosis caused by viruses of the genus Orthopoxvirus, which also cause smallpox. It is a disease considered rare and self-limiting, being endemic in African countries. However, in 2022, it gained prominence due to the global outbreak that began when the world was still recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, as it is an emerging disease, this review aims to point out general aspects of what is known so far about Mpox, from its immunopathogenesis to current forms of prevention and post-infection care

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de casos de viruela símica en personas que viven con VIH: análisis observacional

Antecedentes: La viruela del mono (mpox) es una zoonosis que se ha extendido rápida y globalmente desde mediados de 2022 y ha afectado mayoritariamente a hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). Objetivos: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente la infección por el virus mpox en personas que viven con VIH (PVVIH). Pacientes y Método: Se realizó un análisis clínico y epidemiológico a PVVIH que consultaron por sospecha de mpox en el Policlínico de Infectología del Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán. Se reportan los casos confirmados por reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC) entre el 11/07/2022 y 21/10/2022. Resultados: Se confirmó mpox en 35 pacientes, todos HSH y, la mayoría, en terapia antirretroviral. La mediana de edad fue 37 años. El promedio de días entre fase inicial sistémica inespecífica y eruptiva fue 1,7. Las lesiones fueron de tipo maculopapulares, costrosas y umbilicadas en las zonas genital, perianal, dorso y extremidades, mayoritariamente. Trece individuos presentaron complicaciones y dos requirieron hospitalización. De los con examen de VDRL solicitado, el 46,4% fue reactivo en títulos no residuales. Conclusiones: Se detectó llegada de mpox en un centro de atención de VIH en HSH en todos los niveles de estado inmune. Mayormente, los casos fueron leves a moderados y autolimitados. El cuadro clínico ha sido similar a lo descrito globalmente.

Background. Monkeypox (mpox) is a zoonosis that has spread rapidly and globally since mid-2022 and has mainly affected men who have sex with men (MSM). Aim: To characterize mpox clinically and epidemiologically in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Method: A clinical and epidemiological analysis was carried out on PLHIV who consulted for suspected mpox in the Infectious Disease clinic of the San Borja Arriarán Clinical Hospital. Cases confirmed by PCR are reported between 07/11/2022 and 10/21/2022. Results: Mpox was confirmed in 35 patients, all MSM and on antiretroviral therapy. The median age was 37 years. The average number of days between the initial non-specific systemic and eruptive phase was 1.7. The lesions were maculopapular, crusted, and umbilicated, mainly in the genital, perianal, back, and extremity areas. Thirteen patients presented complications and two required hospitalizations. Of those with a requested VDRL test, 46.4% were reactive in non-residual titers. Conclusions: Arrival of mpox was detected at the HIV care center in MSM at all levels of immune status. Mostly, the cases were mild to moderate and self-limiting. The clinical picture has been similar to that described globally.

Viruela símica en un paciente con vih: reporte de caso / Monkeypox in a patient with HIV: case report

RESUMEN La viruela símica es una enfermedad zoonótica endémica en algunas zonas de África; desde mayo del 2022 se confirmaron múltiples reportes de viruela símica (VS) en países no endémicos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con antecedente de VIH con exantemas en diversas regiones del cuerpo, con mayor concentración en la región glútea, asociado a adenopatías cervicales y proctitis infecciosa. Se procedió a la toma de la muestra de las lesiones dermatológicas para el estudio molecular de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR), que confirmó el diagnóstico de VS. La infección por Treponema pallidum y Neisseria gonorrhoeae se identificó mediante serología y cultivo de secreción anal, respectivamente. Se aplicó tratamiento con antibióticos específicos para gonorrea y sífilis, y la VS respondió favorablemente a la terapia sintomática e inmunomoduladora.

ABSTRACT Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease, endemic in some areas of Africa. But since May 2022, multiple cases of Mpox have been reported in non-endemic countries. We present the case of a patient with a history of HIV, as well as rash in several areas of the body, mostly in the gluteal region, associated with cervical lymphadenopathy and infectious proctitis. Diagnosis was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of skin lesion samples. Treponema pallidum and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection was confirmed by serology and rectal discharge culture, respectively. The patient received antibiotics specific for gonorrhea and syphilis and his condition improved due to symptomatic and immunomodulatory therapy.

Web-tools for the genomic analysis of the 2022 Monkeypox virus global outbreak / Herramientas web para el análisis genómico del virus de la viruela símica durante el brote mundial de 2022

Abstract The resources and platforms available on the internet for collecting and sharing information and performing genomic sequence analysis have made it possible to follow closely the evolution the evolution of SARS-CoV-2. However, the current monkeypox outbreak in the world brings us back to the need to use these resources to appraise the extent of this outbreak. The objective of this work was an analysis of the information presented so far in the genomic database GISAID EpiPox™, using various tools available on the web. The results indicate that the monkeypox outbreak is referred as MPXV clade II B.1 lineage and sub-lineages, isolated from male patients mainly from the European and American continents. In the current scenario, the access to genomic sequences, epidemiological information, and tools available to the scientific community is of great importance for global public health in order to follow the evolution of pathogens.

Resumen Los recursos y plataformas disponibles en Internet para recopilar, compartir información y realizar análisis de secuencias genómicas han permitido seguir de cerca la evolución del SARS-CoV-2. El actual brote global de viruela del mono en el mundo, requiere de nuevo utilizar estos recursos para conocer el alcance de este brote. El objetivo de este trabajo fue un análisis de la información presentada hasta el momento en la base de datos genómica EpiPox™ de GISAID, utilizando diversas herramientas disponibles en la web. Los resultados indican que el brote de la viruela del mono o símica está referido al linaje y sub-linajes B.1 del clado II de MPXV, aislado principalmente de pacientes hombres de Europa y América. En el escenario actual, el acceso a las secuencias genómicas, la información epidemiológica, y las herramientas disponibles para la comunidad científica son de gran importancia para la salud pública mundial con el fin de seguir la evolución de los patógenos.

Situação epidemiológica do Monkeypox (MPX) no Brasil, até outubro de 2022: Casos notificados, confirmados, suspeitos e mortalidade / Epidemiological situation of Monkeypox (MPX) in Brazil, until October 2022: Notified, confirmed, suspected cases and mortality / Situación epidemiológica de la Viruela del Simio (MPX) en Brasil, hasta octubre de 2022: Casos notificados, confirmados, sospechosos y mortalidade

Objetivo: Analisar a frequência de registros de Monkeypox (MPX) no recorte histórico formado pelos meses de "janeiro a outubro de 2022" no recorte geográfico formado pelo "Brasil". Método: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, comparativa e quantitativa. Os dados foram adquiridos junto ao Centro de Informações Estratégicas em Vigilância em Saúde (CIEVS), do Centro de Operações em Emergências (COE) do Ministério da Saúde (MS). Resultados: Foram notificados o universo de 13.915 registros de MPX, sendo que 65% (n=9.045) eram de casos confirmados e 35% (n=4.870) eram de casos suspeitos. A região Sudeste (SE) computou a maior preponderância, tanto de casos confirmados com 65,1% (n=5.886) quanto de casos suspeitos com 33,6% (n=1.635). O estado de São Paulo (SP) obteve maior preponderância com 44,4%(n=4.012) casos confirmados e 23,2% (n=1.131) casos suspeitos. Conclusão: Foi identificado aumento na frequência de registros de casos confirmados e suspeitos no recorte geográfico e histórico analisados.

Objective: To analyze the frequency of Monkeypox (MPX) records in the historical period formed by the months from "January to October 2022" in the geographic region formed by "Brazil". Method: Exploratory, descriptive, comparative and quantitative research. Data were acquired from the Center for Strategic Information on Health Surveillance (CIEVS), from the Emergency Operations Center (COE) of the Ministry of Health (MS). Results: A total of 13,915 MPX records were reported, of which 65% (n=9,045) were confirmed cases and 35% (n=4,870) were suspected cases. The Southeast (SE) region accounted for the highest preponderance, both of confirmed cases with 65.1% (n=5,886) and of suspected cases with 33.6% (n=1,635). The state of São Paulo (SP) had the highest prevalence with 44.4% (n=4,012) confirmed cases and 23.2% (n=1,131) suspected cases. Conclusion: An increase in the frequency of records of confirmed and suspected cases was identified in the geographical and historical scope analyzed

Objetivo: Analizar la mortalidad por infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) en Brasil de 1996 a 2017. Método: Estudio epidemiológico, exploratorio, descriptivo y cuantitativo. Los datos fueron extraídos del Servicio de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) del Ministerio de Salud (MS). Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: Se identificó un universo de 1.592.197 registros, con media y desviación estándar de (72.373±12.999,9). El año 2016 registró la mayor preponderancia con 5,9% (n=94.148) y 1996 la menor con 3,5% (n=55.900). La mayor preponderancia estuvo constituida por 59,1% (n=940.552) del sexo masculino, 25,6% (n=407.340) tenían entre 70 y 79 años, 54,7% (n=871.319) eran blancos, 45,5% (n=725.234) casados, 20,7 El % (n=328.981) tenía de 1 a 3 años de escolaridad, el 55,6% (n=885.368) tenían sus defunciones registradas en el hospital. Conclusión: Se identificó un aumento en la frecuencia de registros de defunción por IAM en el área geográfica e histórica analizada.

Monkeypox (Mpox) virus isolation and ultrastructural characterisation from a Brazilian human sample case

BACKGROUND According to the last 2023 Monkeypox (Mpox) Outbreak Global Map from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 100 countries with no Mpox infection report cases. Brazil stands out in this group and is the second country with the highest number of cases in the last outbreak. OBJECTIVE To contribute to knowledge of the virus infection effects in a cellular model, which is important for diagnosis infections not yet included in a provider´s differential diagnosis and for developing viral inhibition strategies. METHODS We describe a virus isolation protocol for a human clinical sample from a patient from Brazil, the viral growth in a cell model through plaque forming units (PFU) assay, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FINDINGS We follow the viral isolation in Vero cell culture from a Mpox positive clinically diagnosed sample and show the infection effects on cellular structures using a TEM. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Understanding the impact of viral growth on cellular structures and its replication kinetics may offer better strategies for the development of new drugs with antiviral properties.

Ocular manifestations of monkeypox: a case report / Manifestações oculares da monkeypox: um relato de caso

ABSTRACT Monkeypox disease is a viral zoonosis with symptoms similar to those seen in the past in smallpox (variola), although clinically less severe. Following the eradication of smallpox in 1980 and the subsequent cessation of smallpox vaccination, monkeypox has emerged as the most important orthopoxvirus from a public health standpoint. Monkeypox virus occurs primarily in central and western Africa, often in tropical forests, and has increasingly manifested in urban areas. Animal hosts include various rodents and nonhuman primates. We report the case of a patient with monkeypox disease who developed ocular complaints (eye discomfort and conjunctivitis) and had detectable conjunctival lesions on biomicroscopy and fluorescein testing. Its ophthalmological manifestations are still poorly known.

RESUMO Varíola do Macaco é uma zoonose viral com sintomas semelhantes aos observados no passado em pacientes com Varíola, embora seja clinicamente menos grave. Com a erradicação da varíola em 1980 e a subsequente cessação da vacinação contra a varíola, a varíola dos macacos emergiu como o ortopoxvírus mais importante em saúde pública. O vírus monkeypox ocorre principalmente na África central e ocidental, muitas vezes nas proximidades de florestas tropicais, e tem se manifestado cada vez mais em áreas urbanas. Os hospedeiros animais incluem uma variedade de roedores e primatas não humanos. O presente estudo relata o caso de um paciente com Monkeypox que evoluiu com queixa oftalmológica de desconforto ocular e conjuntivite e, à biomicroscopia e teste da fluoresceína, detecção de lesões conjuntivais. Alterações oftalmológicas da doença são, ainda, pouco conhecidas.

Infección por el Virus del Mono: Primer caso reportado en Paraguay

Desde hace varios años es conocida la infección transmitida por el virus de la viruela símica, caracterizada por afecciones que transitan desde leves lesiones cutáneas hasta afecciones más complejas; sin embargo, desde el mes de mayo, ha habido un rebrote de casos con notificación de alerta epidemiológica a nivel mundial, declarándose luego una emergencia de salud pública por la OMS en el mes de julio. La mayoría de los casos fueron observados en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres lo que sugiere la mayor exposición las relaciones sexuales y eventualmente ha propuesto la interrogante de nuevas mutaciones genéticas. Se presenta el primer caso de Viruela del Mono en Paraguay, en paciente adulto joven, masculino, de compromiso leve, sin repercusión sistémica, y con evolución favorable. Las medidas sanitarias son nuevamente el pilar fundamental para la toma de directrices y manejos protocolizados a fin de alcanzar una correcta vigilancia en salud pública.

The infection transmitted by the monkeypox virus has been known for a few years, characterized by conditions from mild skin lesions to another more complex; however, since the month of May, there has been a resurgence of cases with notification of epidemiological alert worldwide, later declaring a public health emergency by the WHO in July. Most of the cases were observed in men who have sex with men, suggesting the greatest exposure to sexual intercourse and eventually raising the question of new genetic mutations. The first case of Monkeypox in Paraguay is presented, in a young adult male patient, with mild involvement, without systemic repercussions, and with a favorable evolution. Sanitary measures are once again the fundamental pillar for the adoption of protocolized guidelines and procedures in order to achieve proper public health surveillance.

Emergence of monkeypox virus: a public health threat

The human monkeypox virus is a zoonotic infection that is closely related to smallpox virus. It more commonly exists in forested habitats of western and central Africa. In the recent outbreak of the monkeypox virus, the total number of positive cases escalated to 32,760 and 12 deaths were reported so far. With rodents being primary reservoirs, the virus spreads through animals, fomites, respiratory droplets and, direct contact. It typically presents as a vesiculo-pustular rash along with fever, headache, malaiseand chills. Taking this clinical spectrum into consideration, differential diagnosis to rule out smallpox is very much significant. Though there are no licensed therapies for monkeypox, treatment regimens and vaccination for small pox can also be used formonkeypox. Effective prevention relies on avoiding contact and limiting respiratory exposure with the infected patients by following standard precautions. This review article gives an insight into epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, transmission, vaccination, and prevention of infection.

Monkeypox virus genome sequence from an imported human case in Colombia / Secuencia genómica del virus de la viruela símica de un caso importado en Colombia

Introduction: Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with a genome of approximately 197.209 bp. The current classification divides MPXV into three clades: Clade I (Central African or Congo Basin clade) and clades IIa and IIb (West African clades). Objective: To report the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of a human monkeypox case detected in Colombia. Materials and methods: Exudate from vesicular lesions was obtained from a male patient with recent travel history to Spain. A direct genomic approach was implemented in which total DNA from the sample was purified through a column-based method, followed by sequencing on the Nanopore GridION. Reads were aligned against the MPXV reference genome using minimap2 v.2.24 and phylogenetic inference was performed using maximum likelihood estimation. Results: A total of 11.951 reads mapped directly to a reference genome with 96.8% of coverage (190.898 bp). Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis of the MPXV circulating in Colombia demonstrated its close relationship to clade IIb responsible for the multi-country outbreak in 2022.

Introducción. El virus de la viruela del mono (MPXV) está compuesto por un genoma de ADN bicatenario, aproximadamente, de 197.209 pb. La clasificación actual agrupa el MPXV en tres clados: clado I (de la cuenca del Congo en África central), y clados IIa y IIb (de África occidental). Objetivo. Reportar el genoma completo y el análisis filogenético de un caso humano de viruela símica detectado en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvo exudado de lesiones vesiculares de un paciente varón con el antecedente de un viaje reciente a España. Se implementó un enfoque directo, en el cual se purificó el ADN total de la muestra mediante un método basado en columnas, seguido de la secuenciación directa en la plataforma Nanopore GridION. Las lecturas se alinearon con el genoma de referencia del MPXV, utilizando minimap2, v.2.24, y la inferencia filogenética fue realizada mediante la estimación por máxima verosimilitud. Resultados. Un total de 11.951 lecturas se alinearon directamente con el genoma de referencia con una cobertura del 96,8 % (190.898 pb). Conclusión. El análisis filogenético del MPXV circulante en Colombia demostró su estrecha relación con el clado de África occidental (clado IIb) responsable del brote en múltiples países en el 2022.

Características de los primeros casos reportados como sospechosos de Monkeypox en el Perú / Characteristics of the first cases reported as suspected Monkeypox in Peru

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de 9 pacientes reportados en el contexto de la alerta sanitaria por el aumento de casos de infección por el virus de Monkeypox en el mundo en países no endémicos. Es importante conocer de forma práctica los criterios epidemiológicos y clínicos más importantes para el descarte de viruela símica en el actual contexto de trasmisión en el Perú. Se discute los criterios de los casos confirmados respecto a otras enfermedades que son parte del diagnóstico diferencial como varicela, síndrome mano pie boca, entre otros.

ABSTRACT The case of 9 patients reported in the context of the health alert due to the increase in cases of Monkeypox virus infection in the world in non-endemic countries is presented. It is important to know in a practical way the most important epidemiological and clinical criteria that make us think about ruling out Monkeypox in the current context of transmission in Peru. The characteristics of the confirmed cases are discussed versus those of other diseases that are part of the differential diagnosis such as chickenpox, hand-foot-mouth syndrome, etc.

Viruela símica: una infección emergente desatendida / Monkeypox: an unattendedemerging infection

El virus de la viruela símica estrechamente relacionado al virus de la viruela humana, es una zoonosis endémica de África occidental y central. En los seres humanos, la infección puede provocar una enfermedad similar a la viruela humana, aunque de menor severidad, pese a ello se asocia a una letalidad reportada variable desde menos del 1% al 11%. La transmisión se produce principalmente a través de gotitas respiratorias o contacto directo con el exudado de lesiones. La transmisión persona a persona está bien descrita, tanto comunitaria como nosocomial. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por un pródromo de fiebre, al cual se agrega exantema y linfadenopatía. Dentro de las complicaciones se pueden incluir neumonía, encefalitis y queratitis. No existe un tratamiento aprobado establecido, aunque se incluyen estrategias en base a antivirales y vacunas. (AU)

Monkeypox virus, closely related to human smallpox virus, is a zoonosis endemic to West and Central Africa. In humans, the infection can cause a disease similar to smallpox, although less severe, despite this it is associated with a variable reported lethality from less than 1% to 11%. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets or direct contact with exudate from lesions. Person-to-person transmission is well described, both in the community and nosocomial. The clinical picture is characterized by a prodrome of fever, to which is added rash and lymphadenopathy. Complications may include pneumonia, encephalitis, and keratitis. There is no established approved treatment, although strategies based on antivirals and vaccines are included. (AU)

Viruela del Simio

Resumen La viruela del simio (MPX) es una enfermedad tropical zoonótica, endémica de algunas zonas de África, causada por el virus de la viruela del simio (MPXV); sin embargo, ya no se limita a las regiones endémicas por lo que es un patógeno con alcance global, de importancia para la salud pública. Este virus es miembro del género Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) de la familia Poxviridae. Se trasmite al estar en contacto con una persona o animal infectado o con material contaminado por el virus. El cuadro clínico es semejante a la viruela humana, pero la MPX es menos contagiosa y grave, con una tasa de letalidad inferior y la linfoadenopatía es el signo más notable. El diagnóstico es clínico-epidemiológico y se utilizan diversas técnicas de laboratorio para confirmarlo. No existe un tratamiento específico, las medidas de sostén son individuales y dependen de la evolución de la enfermedad, se utilizan los antivirales para el tratamiento de las formas graves. Se demostró que las vacunas estándar contra la viruela inducen una fuerte protección cruzada contra MPXV. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica actualizada del tema en cuestión.

Abstract Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic tropical disease, endemic to some areas of Africa, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), however, it is no longer limited to endemic regions and is therefore a pathogen with global reach, of public health importance. This virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) genus of the Poxviridae family. It is transmitted by being in contact with an infected person or animal or with material contaminated by the virus. The clinical picture is similar to smallpox but MPX is less contagious and severe, with a lower case fatality rate, being lymphadenopathy the most prominent sign. The diagnosis is clinical-epidemiological and various laboratory techniques are used to confirm it. There is no specific treatment, support measures are individual and depend on the evolution of the disease, antivirals are used to treat severe forms. Standard smallpox vaccines have been shown to induce strong cross-protection against MPXV. An updated review of the subject in question is carried out.

Características epidemiológicas e clínicas dos casos de monkeypox no Brasil em 2022: estudo transversal / Características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los casos de viruela del mono en Brasil em 2022: un estudio transversal / Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of monkeypox cases in Brazil in 2022: a cross-sectional study

Objetivo: descrever características epidemiológicas e clínicas da monkeypox (MPX) no Brasil desde a identificação do primeiro caso, em 7 de junho de 2022, até a semana epidemiológica (SE) 39, encerrada em 1º de outubro de 2022. Métodos: estudo descritivo dos casos notificados ao Ministério da Saúde; as tendências foram analisadas sobre o número de casos confirmados e prováveis, por SE; os casos foram descritos segundo variáveis demográficas e variáveis clínicas. Resultados: das 33.513 notificações, 23,8% foram confirmadas, 91,8% eram do sexo masculino e 70,6% de homens cis com idade mediana de 32 anos; febre (58,0%), adenomegalia (42,4%), cefaleia (39,9%) e erupções (37,0%) foram os sintomas mais frequentes; 27,5% declararam ser imunossuprimidos, 34,6% viviam com HIV e 10,5% possuíam infecção sexualmente transmissível; três óbitos foram registrados. Conclusão: o perfil de casos de MPX foi semelhante ao de outros países; ações de vigilância devem ser reforçadas para o controle do surto.

Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de la viruela del mono (MPX) en Brasil, desde la identificación del primer caso, el 7 de junio de 2022, hasta la semana epidemiológica (SE) 39, finalizando el 1° de octubre de 2022. Métodos: Las tendencias de los casos notificados al Ministerio de Salud se analizaron como el número de casos notificados confirmados y probables, por SE. Los casos se describieron según variables demográficas y clínicas. Resultados: se confirmaron 33.513 notificaciones un 23,8%; 91,8% del sexo masculino; un 70,6% de hombres cis; con edad promedio de 32 años. Fiebre (58,0%), adenomegalia (42,4%), cefalea (39,9%) y exantema (37,0%) fueron los síntomas más frecuentes. Un 27,5% declaró estar inmunodeprimido, 34,6% vivía con VIH y 10,5% tenía alguna infección de transmisión sexual. Se registraron 3 muertes. Conclusión: El perfil de los casos MPX fue similar al de otros países. Se deben reforzar las acciones de vigilancia para controlar el brote.

Objective: to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of monkeypox (MPX) in Brazil, from the identification of the first case, on June 7, 2022, to Epidemiological Week (EW) 39, ending on October 1, 2022. Methods: this was a descriptive study of cases notified to the Ministry of Health; trends were analyzed based on the number of confirmed and probable cases per EW; the cases were also described according to demographic and clinical variables. Results: out of 31,513 notifications, 23.8% were confirmed; 91.8% were male; 70.6% were cis men; and median age was 32 years. Fever (58.0%), adenomegaly (42.4%), headache (39.9%) and rash (37.0%) were the most frequent symptoms; 27.5% reported being immunosuppressed, 34.6% were living with HIV and 10.5% had a sexually transmitted infection; three deaths were recorded. Conclusion: the MPX case profile was similar to that of other countries; surveillance actions must be strengthened to control the outbreak.

Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of the first case of monkeypox virus in Brazil, 2022

ABSTRACT Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic virus endemic to the African continent, has been reported in 33 non-endemic countries since May 2022. We report an almost complete genome of the first confirmed case of MPXV in Brazil. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was completed in 18 hours, from DNA extraction to consensus sequence generation.

Severe disseminated clinical presentation of monkeypox virus infection in an immunosuppressed patient: first death report in Brazil

ABSTRACT Since May 2022, the number of monkeypox virus infections has sharply increased in countries where the disease has not been previously endemic. At present, most reports refer to low-severity cases. Herein, we present a severe case of the disease with disseminated skin lesions that progressed to death in an immunosuppressed patient in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

From smallpox to monkeypox, how to deal with the challenge of monkeypox? / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

From Early May 2022, monkeypox broke out in many countries around the world.By July 15, 2022, monkeypox has spread to more than 60 countries, causing more than 10 thousands human infections, and there have been death cases in countries with non-endemic regions.Monkeypox is caused by monkeypox virus which was belong to the Orthopoxvirus as smallpox, it is necessary for us to review the history of the fight against smallpox virus in humans and to develop measures to deal with monkeypox virus.

Concern about monkeypox in many countries / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

New infectious disease threats, caused by movement of people globally, remain omnipresent.In recent days, unprecedented cases of human monkeypox have been reported in Europe, the Americas and Australia.Which is enough to arouse people′s great attention.This article summarizes the epidemiological characteristics, transmission route, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and prevention of monkeypox, so as to improve the understanding of this disease and take preventive measures as soon as possible.